Beowulf narrative essay :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf is a very brave hero, he has fought and killed many creatures before, but this battle was different. He knew this battle was of great importance to eitherone, and that made him that much more than nervous. This creature was fierce and had been tormenting their village for as long as they could remember, so her death would be a huge victory for Beowulf and it would be an even big relief for the villagers. All of the people in the village were cheering for Beowulf as he walked away headed off to the greatest battle of his life. As the battle began Beowulf was drippage with sweat, he knew he had a difficult task ahead but he was ready for what constantly happened. Grendels mother and Beowulf stood for a moment and looked to to each one others eyes and imagined the battle that was ahead of them. She swung her trade name at his waist but he quickly moved out of the path. He swung his sword aiming for her neck, but she was quick and blocked the swing. Beowulf swung again and again nervously trying to kill the beast. Beowulf slowly became mad with himself for taking so long to slay her, so he began to try even harder. His heart was pounding and the sweat was dripping from the tips of his hair down to his face. He swung the sword with perfect precision and hit Grendels mother in her throat. Nothing had happened, she was not injured. This greatly confused Beowulf as he began to swing as hard as he could and stab her with every chance he had. Still he was not injuring her at all. Beowulf had discovered that his man made weapons were of no match for Grendels witchy mother. Beowulf looked over on the debate next to them and saw a magnificent sword hanging on the wall adorned with beautiful carvings, it was blessed with magic. No normal man could ever have lifted that sword, but Beowulf was no normal being. He waited for the right moment to go and retrieve the sword, and when he found the perfect opportunity and he ran straight towards the wall. He pulled th e sword down with great force and began running towards Grendels mother. Beowulf took in a deep breath as he leaned sand and heaved the sword forward. Beowulf had sliced straight through Grendels mothers scaly neck, blood began to pour everywhere and he heard her bones shift as the sword passed through her.

EuroDisney Case Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis Marketing France D

EuroDisney Case Analysis1. What factors lead to EuroDisneys unforesightful performance during its first form of operation?EuroDisney had a disastrous first year in Paris, France. There were many reasons that contributed to the horrible start. I am discharge to discuss six reasons wherefore I think EuroDisney had such a heavy(a) time adjusting in europium. 1.It was cheaper for European families to travel to Disney World in Orlando, FL. not only was the trip to Orlando sack to be cheaper, but it was almost guaranteed that the weather was dismissal to be spectacular. People go on vacation to project a good time, but more than importantly to enjoy the weather. People in Europe and around the world are non termination to vacation at a spot where the weather is going to be unpredictable. France gets cold in the winter, thus going to Disney World in Orlando would be more logical. It will be cheaper and the weather is going to be decent for whenever you choose to go.2. The Frenc h culture did not like the American Fairy-tale characters. The French had their own fairy-tale characters one even has a park located near EuroDisney. Starting up a company internationally is an extremely hard task. Researching the culture of the country in which the company is going to be located is extremely important. When the plans to bring EuroDisney to Paris were finalized, they should fork over begun extensive explore on the culture and archives of France. By not doing that Disney may have insulted the French, but more so they hurt their chances of making money.3. The whole Disney idea was not sitting well with the French tidy sum. For example, during a trip to France in 1989 Michael Eisner was lay down with eggs by a French columnist. When a culture shows somebody this a lot disrespect, take it as a hint and get out. The French people were extremely upset at the thought of having an American tourist charity go into onto their land. When Japan got Disneyland they welc omed it with open arms. Each culture and country is different as it pertains to other cultures. Japan?s successful adaptation to an American tourist attraction all but guaranteed its success in Europe.4. Disney?s had a story of maintaining a quality park for its customers to enjoy. The French people got upset when Disney began to market EuroDisney by referring to its size and glitz, instead of by the variety of attract... ... trying to conduct wrinkle will not be difficult. Communication is the key to business, without proper means of dialogue it becomes extremely difficult to conduct business. The English people would love to have a little piece of America in their country, so why not give them the largest theme park, Disneyland. Of course proper research is going to be conducted to determine how and where the park is going to be constructed. Cultural background checks are going to be extensive, and the park is going to cater to the English culture and counseling of life. Anot her reason I chose England was because of the rich history that it has. Without England America would not be around. Tourists that travel to England would get a treat in Disneyland. With England?s history why not add an enormous tourist attraction. The country would benefit from a great deal from Disneyland, more tourists will visit and more revenue enhancement will be made. The entire country would benefit from the arrival of Disneyland, but more importantly the people will benefit. Disney characters are so popular, so why not expose them to people who are not fortunate enough. With Britain?s comparable culture it would be a perfect fit. EuroDisney Case Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis Marketing France DEuroDisney Case Analysis1. What factors lead to EuroDisneys poor performance during its first year of operation?EuroDisney had a disastrous first year in Paris, France. There were many reasons that contributed to the horrible start. I am going to discuss six rea sons why I think EuroDisney had such a hard time adjusting in Europe. 1.It was cheaper for European families to travel to Disney World in Orlando, FL. Not only was the trip to Orlando going to be cheaper, but it was almost guaranteed that the weather was going to be spectacular. People go on vacation to have a good time, but more importantly to enjoy the weather. People in Europe and around the world are not going to vacation at a spot where the weather is going to be unpredictable. France gets cold in the winter, therefore going to Disney World in Orlando would be more logical. It will be cheaper and the weather is going to be decent for whenever you choose to go.2. The French culture did not like the American Fairy-tale characters. The French had their own fairy-tale characters one even has a park located near EuroDisney. Starting up a company internationally is an extremely hard task. Researching the culture of the country in which the company is going to be located is extremely important. When the plans to bring EuroDisney to Paris were finalized, they should have begun extensive research on the culture and history of France. By not doing that Disney may have insulted the French, but more so they hurt their chances of making money.3. The whole Disney idea was not sitting well with the French people. For example, during a trip to France in 1989 Michael Eisner was hit with eggs by a French columnist. When a culture shows somebody this much disrespect, take it as a hint and get out. The French people were extremely upset at the thought of having an American tourist attraction arrive onto their land. When Japan got Disneyland they welcomed it with open arms. Each culture and country is different as it pertains to other cultures. Japan?s successful adaptation to an American tourist attraction all but guaranteed its success in Europe.4. Disney?s had a reputation of maintaining a quality park for its customers to enjoy. The French people got upset when Disney beg an to market EuroDisney by referring to its size and glitz, instead of by the variety of attract... ... trying to conduct business will not be difficult. Communication is the key to business, without proper means of communication it becomes extremely difficult to conduct business. The English people would love to have a little piece of America in their country, so why not give them the largest theme park, Disneyland. Of course proper research is going to be conducted to determine how and where the park is going to be constructed. Cultural background checks are going to be extensive, and the park is going to cater to the English culture and way of life. Another reason I chose England was because of the rich history that it has. Without England America would not be around. Tourists that travel to England would get a treat in Disneyland. With England?s history why not add an enormous tourist attraction. The country would benefit from a great deal from Disneyland, more tourists will vi sit and more revenue will be made. The entire country would benefit from the arrival of Disneyland, but more importantly the people will benefit. Disney characters are so popular, so why not expose them to people who are not fortunate enough. With Britain?s similar culture it would be a perfect fit.

Free Macbeth Essays: The Role of Guilt :: Macbeth essays

The Role of Guilt in Macbeth     Guilt plays a strong role in motivating Macbeth, and causes gentlewoman Macbeth to be driven over the brink of sanity - to her death. Throughout the story, there are many different types of guilty feelings that play a role in Macbeths fatal decisions and bring Lady Macbeth to commit suicide. Although there are many instances that show the power guilt has played on the main characters, there are three examples that show this the best. angiotensin converting enzyme is, just aft(prenominal) the murder of the great King, Duncan. Guilt overcomes Macbeth where he can no longer think straight. A second example is soon after that, where all the guilt Macbeth feels at first, changes into hate after he decides that Banquo must be killed as advantageously. The last example is just about at the residual of the play, when we see Lady Macbeth sleepwalking, and then later committing suicide this all because of the burden of her guilt. All of thes e examples build the proof that in this play, guilt plays a very enlarged role in the characters lives. It all began really in symbolize II, Scene II after the murder of Duncan, when Macbeth returns to his room to join his wife. As any mortal would be, Macbeth is very shaken by his wrong act. Killing a man, not to mention a beloved king is a sin and Macbeth knows it very well He truly believes he has slay all innocence, and only worse things will follow. Throughout the scene there are several quotes that show this Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more Macbeth shall sleep no more, and Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my bridge player? No this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red. This shows the amount of guilt he felt. He describes this by saying that if he tried to wash his hands in the river, it would turn into the colour of the blood itself. Lady Macbeth attempts to make him stronger, A little water clears us of this deed How calorie-free it is then But the guilt he feels just does not go awayAt least for the time being. As soon as Act III is set up, we see Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Banquo having a nice friendly conversation.

Last Days Of Socrates Essay -- Plato Socrates Philosophy Essays

The Last Days of Socrates Plato. The Last Days of Socrates. London Penguin Books Ltd., 1993 Imagine the time just after the goal of Socrates. The people of Athens were filled with questions or so the final judgment of this well-known, long-time citizen of Athens. Socrates was accused at the end of his life of impiety and corruption of youth. Rumors, prejudices, and questions flew about the town. Plato experienced this situation when Socrates, his teacher and friend, accepted the ruling of death from an Athenian court. In The Last Days of Socrates, Plato uses Socrates own voice to explain the reasons that Socrates, though innocent in Platos view, was convicted and why Socrates did not escape his penalisation as offered by the court. The writings, Euthyphro, The Apology, Crito, and Pheado not only helped the general population of Athens and the friends and followers of Socrates understand his death, but also showed Socrates in the best possible light. They atomic number 18 connecte d by their common theme of a memoriam to Socrates and the discussion of virtues. By studying these texts, researchers can see into the culture of Athens, but most important atomic number 18 the discussions about relationships in the book. The relationships between the religious belief and state and mortal and society have impacted the past and are still concerns that are with us today. plot of land Plato is writing to prove Socrates a good or respectable person, he allows the modern reader a glimpse into Athenian culture. We see that religion is held in very high regard and failing to serve a religion is punishable by death, no matter what ones social or political stature. In Euthyphro, the reader learns that somewhattimes an Interpreter is consulted when dealing with certain criminal behavior. Also, we realize that the Athenians regard a son accusing a puzzle of a crime, no matter what the charge, as very odd and of great annoyance to the family. I believe this is still true today. Family loyalty is considered, in some cases, more important than the laws of the country. One example is the crime families that operate in the country. These families are known to be patriotic, but their patriotism stops when family and money are involved. In The Apology, the reader sees some of the Athenian court system in action. Researchers can guess that prosecution and defense are allowed only certain amounts of... ...ribed happened and were recorded. The constituent of a man, falsely accused, dying for his beliefs is a crossover into an idea understood by all cultures. Even the way the works are presented, in the variation of dialogue, make them stand out to history. Perhaps the first time in history are such deep thoughts written about and discussed in such a way. This also speaks of the times of the philosophers. If the inhabitants of Athens had time to think about such deep thoughts as What is holiness? they must have lead lives of residue compared with those o f earlier people. These certain thoughts might be precedents in history, just because the Athenians cherished thought, rhetoric, and some had the time and willingness to practice these pursuits. Civilizations that followed the Greeks often imitated them. The Romans based many of their values, rules of citizenship, and even religion on the Greek system. Men and women of the Enlightenment could have read the same dialogues that we read today. Why would anyone continue to read these stories? I believe it is the dialogues discussion of individual verses state and state verses religion. These are the truly enduring issues that we will always face.

Essay --

X can be seen as high on the openness scale. The character dimension that includes imagination, wit, originality, and creativity people low-spirited on this dimension are shallow, plain and simple (Friedman). X was very musically talented, having been acknowledged as the King of Pop by Elizabeth Taylor. (Interview with Oprah Part 2) In 1982, he produced the best-selling album of all time, Thriller. He is exceptionally imaginative as he wants to bring out the child in everyone. He constructed the Neverland cattle ranch which is equipped with candy, magic shows, carnival rides, and film. X worked with the Make a Wish Foundation in order to occupy terminally-ill children who would come every three weeks and he would entertain them with his child-like and spark. X was so generous and loved giving back to the world, and therefore he was also involved with the Heal the World Foundation. With regards to this foundation, the objectives for Heal LA division were for the vaccination of child ren, having a mentoring big sister/ big brother program together with a teaching program on drug ill-treat (Interview with Oprah Part 5). X was also certainly open to experience by being a singer who toured the world. He showed his openness to different individuals through his numerous marriages and management with different performers on several albums. Being an artist, a singer and dancer, X was unsurprisingly imaginative by writing his own lyrics and designing his own dance moves. Michael seemed fairly high on openness. (Friedman, H.B., Schustack, M.W 2009).While X aimed for precision in his music he appears to be fairly low on the conscientiousness scale. The personality dimension that includes dependability, cautiousness, organization, and responsibility pe... ...t just by seeing the sight of his own father (Interview with Oprah Part 3). Owing to the fact of his violation as a child, X had many issues with his physical appearance, as well as sleeping problems. These factors presented him with great amounts of concern, which would position him high in neuroticism. X felt exposed and therefore had numerous amounts of plastic surgeries in order to fix his appearance according to his criteria. At the end of his life X was using potent sleeping medicines called Lorazepam and midazolam in order to help with his insomnia by bringing about peacefulness, as well as Propofol, which was a sleep-inducing medicine used for general anaesthesia. The fact that X had use such potent medicines to help deal with his insomnia revealed how much it affected his life and indicated his emotional unsteadiness. (Friedman, H.B., Schustack, M.W 2009).

Essay --

X can be seen as high on the openness scale. The personality dimension that includes imagination, wit, originality, and creativity people low on this dimension are shallow, plain and simple (Friedman). X was very musically talented, having been acknowledged as the King of Pop by Elizabeth Taylor. (Interview with Oprah divide 2) In 1982, he produced the best-selling album of all time, Thriller. He is exceptionally imaginative as he wants to bring out the child in everyone. He constructed the Neverland Ranch which is furnish with candy, magic shows, carnival rides, and film. X worked with the Make a Wish Foundation in order to occupy terminally-ill children who would come every three weeks and he would concord them with his child-like and spark. X was so generous and loved giving back to the world, and therefore he was also involved with the Heal the World Foundation. With regards to this foundation, the objectives for Heal LA breakdown were for the vaccination of children, having a mentoring big sister/ big brother program together with a teaching program on drug ab uptake (Interview with Oprah Part 5). X was also certainly open to experience by being a singer who toured the world. He showed his openness to different individuals through his numerous marriages and steering with different performers on several albums. Being an artist, a singer and dancer, X was unsurprisingly imaginative by writing his own lyrics and designing his own dance moves. Michael seemed middling high on openness. (Friedman, H.B., Schustack, M.W 2009).While X aimed for precision in his music he appears to be fairly low on the conscientiousness scale. The personality dimension that includes dependability, cautiousness, organization, and responsibility pe... ...t just by seeing the sight of his own father (Interview with Oprah Part 3). Owing to the fact of his violation as a child, X had many another(prenominal) issues with his physical appearance, as well as sleeping problems. Thes e factors presented him with great amounts of concern, which would position him high in neuroticism. X felt exposed and therefore had numerous amounts of ductile surgeries in order to fix his appearance according to his criteria. At the end of his life X was using potent sleeping medicines called Lorazepam and Midazolam in order to help with his insomnia by bringing about peacefulness, as well as Propofol, which was a sleep-inducing medicine used for general anaesthesia. The fact that X had use such potent medicines to help deal with his insomnia revealed how much it affected his life and indicated his emotional unsteadiness. (Friedman, H.B., Schustack, M.W 2009).

Philippine Canning Corporation Case Essay

I. Issues that Azucena Inalis must take into consideration. on that point seems to be two major issues that PCC must harness in its corned beef venture 1) where should PCC get its raw materials? (beef) and 2) Where does PCC source its debt? When it comes to the outsourcing of beef, PCC is considering Argentina, Australia, and/ or India. There are a number of concerns that must be turn to when it comes to importing raw materials from any one of these countries1) Political and Legal Considerations2) Economic Performance and Management3) Government Protectionist PoliciesThe matter of sourcing debt is relatively simple because there are only two options being delibe identifyd 1) Denomination in Philippine Pesos, or 2) denomination in US Dollars.II. Evaluating the Issues1) Political and Legal ConsiderationsArgentina is widely considered to be one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Argentina scored 35/100 on the Transparency International valuation as of 2011. 0/100 would be extremely corrupt while 100/100 would be clean. Crime runs as well as poverty are known issues. There is high try as far as the political considerations in Argentina are concerned. India scored 36/100 on the Transparency International rating as of 2011. 0/100 would be extremely corrupt while 100/100 would be clean. Australia is would be considered in a low risk bracket, there is a strong legal system in operation and there is high confidence in government Australia scored 85/100 and they are well recognized for their efforts to stymy and eventually eradicate corruption and poverty altogether.2) Economic Performance and ManagementTaken from Teadingeconomics.com(2013) Instituto Nacional de Stadista The latest account inflation rate for Argentina is 10.5% for this month. It has been steadily decreasing from a high of 11.1% in early February(Instituto Nacional de Estadista, 2013) but it has been forecasted to increase to 10.8% by mid-October.Taken from Tradingeconomics.com(2013) Mi nistry of Comerce and Industry Indias latest reported inflation rate is 4.86%. It has also been decreasing but in a more rapid rate compared to Argentina. From 10% in late 2011 to a sharp drop to7-8% in early 2012, and a gradual decrease to 6.68-7.5% in late 2012 and early 2013.Taken from Tradingeconomics.com Australian Burau of Statistics Inflation in Australia From 2010-2012, Australias inflation has been in the 2.1% (low) to 3.6% (high) region. Inflation went as low as 1.2% in the mid-2012, and gradually increased back to 2.5% through late 2012 and the first draw off of 2013. In the second quarter of 2013 however, inflation is back down to 2.4%. As far as inflation is concerned, the Australian economy is outperforming both Argentina and India by the proverbial mile.Lets take a look at economic management.Indian Central Bank Base Interest Rates (Historical)Retrieved from Global-rates.com (2013)The current base interest rate is 7.25%. It has fluctuated in recent years from 5% in 2010 to 8.5% in early 2012- probably to control inflation it was during this period that Indias inflation rate short dropped frombeen on the decline from a high 8.5% in early 2012. This may be an explanation as to why Indias inflation dropped from 10% to 7+%.Retrieved from Tradingeconomics.com (2013)11.38 is the current base interest rate for Argentina. It has been moving in the 9-12% range since early 20123) Government Protectionist PoliciesREFERENCESTransparency International (2013) The Global Coalition Against degeneracy Corruption by Country/ Territory. Retrieved from http//www.transparency.org/countryARG_DataResearchTrading Economics (2013) Inflation Rates. Retrieved from http//www.tradingeconomics.com/argentina/inflation-cpi

Us Soldiers Imaging the Iraq War

customary conference, 7 1727, 2009 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN 1540-5702 print / 1540-5710 online DOI 10. 1080/15405700802584304 Popular Communication, 1540-5710 1540-5702 HPPC Communication Vol. 7, No. 1, Nov 2008 pp. 00 US Soldiers Imaging the Iraq fight on YouTube Kari Anden-Papadopoulos capital of Sweden University Anden-Papadopoulos US Soldiers Imaging the Iraq War on YouTube This term examines the homespun video recordings uploaded to YouTube by coa lighten upion spends stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan.I interrogate how perceptions of contend, and the conventions of struggle reporting, change as new media technologies all toldow soldiers to log on to the Web and upload personal views from the frontlines. The Iraqi run afoul is emerging as the premier(prenominal) YouTube contend, where home do soldiers videos throw into sharp relief the reportorial conventions of the mainstream news coverage. I satiate into context the format, meanings and commu nicative functions of these amateur videos, and the distinctive ways in which they reconfigure sea captain standards of moral philosophy and authenticity.The firsthand testimonials by soldiers offer the public uncensored insights into the experience of war and may provide the basis for a questioning of the authority and activity of U. S. egressside policy. INTRODUCTION This article considers the specific argufys that the online proliferation of alternative resource of violent international conflict raises for handed-down journalism and its standards of ethics and credibility.I examine how modern communication technologies that allow active craft soldiers to log on to the Web from Afghanistan and Iraq, and upload personal and at times shockingly cruel views from the frontlines, can alter our perception of war and the conventions of war reporting. The roughly graphic visualizes take the stand the gruesome aftermath of suicide bombings and fierce gunfights between coaliti on forces and ins squeezents. Sites much(prenominal)(prenominal) as MySpace, YouTube, Google Video, LiveLeak, and phalanx. com abound with violent videos and stills from assault soldiers, some set to heavy metal or rap music, and include host using obscene language.My article examines the homemade videos uploaded to YouTube by coalition soldiers stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan. These personal, poignant and sometimes shockingly brutal video testimonies clearly diverge from, and subvert traditional forms and standards for war reporting. I take into consideration the format, meanings, and communicative functions of these amateur videos, and the distinctive ways in which they reconfigure professional standards of ethics and authenticity.The soldiers firsthand accounts of the war have introduced new and sometimes super controversial perspectives into the scrollation of warf atomic number 18 that military and media elites argon struggling to contain. The most contentious resource fulness uploaded to YouTube is undoubtedly Correspondence should be addressed to Kari Anden-Papadopoulos, Department of Journalism, Media, and Communication, Stockholm University, Karlavagen 104, P. O. Box 27 861, 115 93 Stockholm. E-mail emailprotected jmk. su. se 18 ANDEN-PAPADOPOULOS he live recordings of violent confrontations, in which U. S. military can be seen fetching part in aggressive and seemingly indiscriminate killings of Iraqi citizens. However, some of the soldier videos that have caused most public awayrage be unsettled fag end the scenes of besiege, showing troops entertaining themselves by demeaning Iraqi children or abusing pet animals. Also, the perennial video tributes to fallen soldiers foreground a controversial and highly emotional subject the premature and violent deaths of young U. S. soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan.My analysis suggests that these audiovisual productions by active duty soldiers can provide us with the amiable of critical perspec tives posited for a more than open democratic questioning of U. S. overseas policy and the conduct of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. IMAGE WARS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST degree Celsius During almost all major wars in modern times, governments have made systematic efforts to shape the visual experience of the citizenry (Br otherwises, 1997 Campbell, 2003 Griffin, 1999, 2004 Moeller, 1989 Roeder, 1993 Taylor, 1991, 1998 Zelizer, 1998, 2004).In recent years, increasingly professional government media management strategies have strengthened the dominance of formalized perspectives in the U. S. and UK mainstream news media (Robinson, 2004). The media tend to support the government course of action during military trading operations and privilege the ex officio version of events (Allan & Zelizer, 2004 Thussu & Freedman, 2003 Tumber & Palmer, 2004). Central to the manufacture of this version is the representation of warfargon as clinical and even compassionate.What is most striking abo ut traditional war coverage in the Anglo-American news media is that the images atomic number 18 comparatively bloodless and seldom hint at the capacity of modern war machinery to injure the homo dead body. However, cable and satellite television, as well as new media technology, have made it more difficult for nation states to control the learning crossing their borders (Webster, 2003). The information front is no longer confined to traditional cumulation media but extended to an increasingly porous and fast global communication space (Taylor, 2003).Alternative imagery of violent international conflict that has not been created or disseminated by mainstream media is exploding onto these new nonfiltered public spheres, and often finds its way to conventional news outlets. It includes stills and videos created by active duty soldiers and imagery produced by civilians in the war zone. Iraqi insurgent imagery is also prevalent, showing the bloody work of sectarian death squads, and U. S. soldiers organism shot and blown up (Johnson, 2007).The insurgent videos, set to inspiring religious soundtracks or chanting, are not nevertheless aimed at drawing new recruits and donations but besides at terrorizing of the enemy with the violent spectacle. Increasingly, these spectacles of terror are staged primarily to generate footage to be circulated in the media and thereby subject potential mass audiences to the shocking displays of destruction. The proliferation of vernacular imagery of international conflict has become a draw issue of concern for some(prenominal) military and media elites (Kennedy, 2008).The military is uneasy with the affright much(prenominal) communication theory pose to operational security and in addition with their potential to subvert the understandings of war and foreign policy so powerfully framed by government and military powers. For the media, the main concern with the advent of citizen journalism is that it bypasses the establi shed forms of news production and representation and even challenges the professional status of journalists. The popularity of internet communications in war zones has led the US SOLDIERS IMAGING THE IRAQ WAR ON YOUTUBE 19Pentagon to begin closely monitoring what its troops post online, with special attention beingness paid to images that show the aftermath of combat (Greene, 2006). A policy instituted in the spring of 2005, however, requires all military bloggers inside Iraq to register with their units. It gives unit commanders the authority to limited review blogs and other communications before they are sent to make sure there are no invasions of operational security. The internet has become a key battleground of information and image warfare, a territory long dominated by Islamist extremist groups that have demonstrated greater sophistication than the U.S. Army in their use of Web 2. 0 tools. They utilize the net for fundraising and recruitment, training and instruction, and propaganda and psychological warfare, and for gathering open-source information with which to plan attacks (Weimann, 2006, p. x). The online response from official U. S. military sources has been plumb subdued, characterized by an unwillingness to exploit new media to get their essence out. However, in March 2007, the U. S. Defense Department made a significant move into the net income battleground with the launch of its own channel on YouTube, called Multi- depicted object Force Iraq. The videos uploaded to the site adhere to traditional norms of propaganda, showing American soldiers succeeding in clinical combat and aiding local Iraqi citizens (Christensen, 2008). The channel is a direct tackle by the U. S. Defense Department to counteract the prolific posting of damaging video clips by its own troops, an attempt at online visual management accompanied by what appears to be a concerted effort to suppress online publications by troops in the field.In May 2007, the U. S. milit ary announced that it had blocked troops from accessing popular video-sharing sites, including YouTube and MySpace, on military computers. Shortly after, YouTube removed dozens of soldiers videos from its archives and suspended the accounts of some users who had post them. The U. S. Army is facing a dilemma over how to manage internet access by its troops. On the one hand, online communication clearly serves to boost battlefield performance and morale.Soldiers and their families visit social networking sites to exchange notes, swap images, and share recorded messages a form of instant communication that, together with e-mail, has largely replaced the mail call. Moreover, a large majority of military bloggers in the war zone express unabashed support for the operations in Iraq and elsewhere and, most importantly, lend them a human face, which provides invaluable PR for the military. On the other hand, the Pentagon k nowadayss that enemies are proficient at mining the Web to collect intelligence on potential targets.In addition, the everyday posting of gruesome battle photographs and videos by serving soldiers not only jeopardizes operational security but in like manner contradicts the carefully crafted image of modern warfare as clean, rational, and even human-centred. THE YOUTUBE WAR A new digital generation of soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq is turning to the internet in a strongly felt urge to propound and come to terms with the realities of experiencing a war up close. Todays soldiers are equipped with the same digital tools and technology as the media, which alter them to share their experiences with potentially vast audiences.The omnipresence of digital cameras and camcorders among serving soldiers means that they exist in a new relationship to their experience of war, they are now potential witnesses and sources within the 1 http//youtube. com/profile? user=MNFIRAQ 20 ANDEN-PAPADOPOULOS documentation of events (Kennedy, 2008 p. 4 see also Mortens en, 2007). This also means that the boundaries between those who are armed combat and those who are documenting the war are becoming more and more blurred. In the age of digital media, the waging and representing of war are enmeshed almost to the point of being inseparable.Much of the imagery that coalition soldiers produce of their experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan is shared primarily with close family and friends, and within their units, via e-mail or burned to CDs. Still, a large amount of the imagery is made available to the public via a wide range of internet venues, in particular finished the rapidly growing subculture of milbloggers firstperson online diaries by serving troops. Since their first appearance in 2003, the number of milblogs has increased rapidly. Today it is estimated there are more than 2,500 milblogs (Kennedy, 2008).More recently, video-sharing platforms such as YouTube have become popular outlets for soldiers to publicize their audiovisual productions. Y ouTube has become one of the fastest-growing Web sites in the world in January 2008 alone almost 79 million users look ated more than 3 billion videos on the site. 2 By offering users the unprecedented ability to share their experiences inexpensively and instantly with a potential mass audience, YouTube has turned video sharing into one of the most significant signs of contemporary internet culture.The Web sites community guidelines forbid the uploading of material likely to be perceived as inappropriate or offensive, such as videos containing pornography or sexually explicit content, animal abuse, bomb making, graphic or gratuitous violence, or dead bodies. 3 Still, the enforcement of these guidelines is relatively weak, and videos that clearly violate YouTubes terms of use are proliferating on the website (Gimeno, 2008). 4 The video clips uploaded by U. S. oldiers on YouTube cover a range of settings, activities, and emotions combat action, routine patrolling, colloquial intera ction with Iraqi civilians, recreation in the barracks, and tributes to fallen comrades. 5 It is often the case that several or all of these five ecumenic thematic categories can be found in individual video clips. The videos contain not only private footage created by the troops themselves but also imagery appropriated from other sources such as official military recordings, news broadcasts, music videos, and so forth.There is a significant degree of visual redundancy in these videos in the sense that certain stills and moving images tend to reappear time and again. This is also to put forward that the question of authorship and authenticity is difficult to decide when it comes to this face of image production. The Iraq war is being fought by what has been called the first Playstation generation, raised on Hollywood war films, graphic video games, and internet porn.When this generation of soldiers now documents and tries to communicate their experiences of actual warfare, they f all cast asidedaging on contemporary popular culture and its broad repertoire of war as entertainment. The video clips follow an MTV style of format, with a montage of stills and live footage cut rapidly to music. The more violent scenes are typically emended to heavy metal or rap music, while the recurrent themes of brotherhood, mourning, and loss are set to power ballads. In creating, posing http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Youtube http//www. youtube. om/t/community_guidelines 4 Thousands of videos on the website are for example explicitly tagged with human rights violation terms such as execution, torture, rape and sexual abuse, and mass killings (Gimeno, 2008). 5 A sixth type of content is the dissenting soldier testimony Iraq war veterans bearing public witness to dark war experiences, such as killing deprive civilians with the consent of their superiors. Since this is a specific genre that does not have in mind images that document the controversial aspects of warfare, I wil l not consider it further in this article. 2 US SOLDIERS IMAGING THE IRAQ WAR ON YOUTUBE 21 for, and uploading these videos the American soldiers also follow the trend in contemporary confessional media culture to employ digital technologies as tools for exposing and exhibiting the self on the internet or other media venues. They are part of the recent blowup of (until now) private discourses in public spaces, such as swapping intimate details about your life via MySpace and Facebook. The troops can and do post footage on personal Web sites, but the networking sites and video-sharing platforms rovide a more public arena where the videos become open to global audiences who can communicate at a time with the soldiers and give feed butt on their audiovisual productions. COMBAT ACTION Since the Vietnam War, news organizations and media scholars have debated the question of whether, and how, explicit images of the violence and carnage of war should be broadcast. For the soldiers servin g in Iraq, however, this is not an issue. They are clearly not impartial or external observers of the war, who abide by the dictate to serve the so-called public interest. They are combatants documenting the war as they wage and experience it.Many combat videos focus on the physical actions of the U. S. troops, shooter or blowing up targets that are in the distance. Most of them are edited to music, but some present live action footage with original sound, showing troops engaged in intense street battles and gunfights. Young soldiers often take what appears to be a near-sexual pleasure in the violent fighting you hear them breathe heavily, moan, and make excited comments. One example is an entry on YouTube name Iraq Witness War Crimes U. S. Soldiers Murder Unarmed Civilians. 6 The clip shows a group of U. S. oldiers open fire on unidentified targets across the street from a rooftop in Ramadi. The troops cheer and laugh loudly as they fire on two cars that manifestly by chance d rive into the line of fire. The unarmed passengers leave the cars running in an attempt to seek protection in the nearby buildings but are summarily gunned galvanic pile by the soldiers. The boasting comments made by various soldiers on the video make the scene of what appears to be unprovoked aggression even more disturbing See that car, I lit that fucker up He got 30 rounds in that bitch Oooh, my bitch is fucking done dude Dude, look at it We fucked those people all to shit stilt there The edited to music combat videos are typically made in a fragmented style with a rapid succession of various battle scenarios. They are often set to hard rock music a symbolic expression of the adrenaline rush felt by soldiers handout into a fight. In some cases, these videos seem to glorify violence and promote a kind of adolescent machismo with soldiers taking keen delight in shooting or blowing up targets. Other combat videos however clearly distance themselves from such a pro-war sensib ility and militaristic celebration of power.One example is a video titled U. S. Army, Marines-Iraq War-Kill Insurgents (4th video Battle). Set to the heavy metal song Eyes of the Insane by Slayer, it is a montage of stills and moving images that shows U. S. troops engaged in various spectacular combat scenes. The lyrics of the song are the guiding principle 6 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=JWYNn1pTwPM Added February 22, 2008, by Slavesrevolt. Accessed June 15, 2008. 22 ANDEN-PAPADOPOULOS for the set up of the video, taking the point of view of a soldier who suffers from the traumatic effects of war.He testifies to the devastating insanity of war which he keeps re-experiencing in the form of intrusive images I keep seeing mutilated faces/Even in my dreams/Distorted images/Flashing rapidly /Psychotically abusing me/Devouring my brain. The video starts with an extreme close-up of an eye, in which the reflection of a soldier can be seen. This visual effect emphasizes that the rapid flashes of violent battle imagery in the video represent horrific war experiences as they are reflected and compulsively replayed in the eyes and mind of a traumatized soldier.One scene shows what appears to be an unarmed Iraqi civilian driving a motorcycle being gunned down from across the street by U. S. troops. Another shows two unidentified men running for their lives down a dusty Iraqi street before they are killed by U. S. troops in a Humvee. Yet another shows three marines on a balcony as they are hit by shrapnel blasting back at high speed from a distant exploding building. The video documents and expresses the makers own experience of the insanity of war the chaos, panic, vulnerability, and kill-or-get-killed logic that compels soldiers to use sometimes indiscriminate violence.It presents warfare as a traumatizing experience that leaves the soldier full of questions and disturbing memories. In many cases, the videos contain imagery that originates from military surveill ance devices such as night vision cameras and aerial surveillance technologies. Here, the representation of war becomes one with the waging of war itself. One example is a clip titled Apache Kills in Iraq, which consists of guncam footage taken at night from an Apache helicopter. 7 The video shows a U. S. ttack aircraft using high power ammunition to eliminate three suspected weapon smugglers on the ground. The clip is disturbing not only because the Iraqi men apparently are gunned down without a confirmed identification, but also because it visualizes the devastating continue of high power artillery when used against humans. The thermal imaging system used at night shows the glowing presence of the warm human body against the dark surroundings, making the effect of impact shockingly apparent When the 30mm rounds hit the Iraqi men, you literally see warm viscera scattering in all directions.As one of the three victims lies helpless and wounded on the ground, the Apache pilots take aim and kill him with a second salvo, an action that would seem to qualify as a war crime. OPERATION IRAQI BOREDOM Soldiers have privileged access to the frontline of war and also to its back stage. They can go behind the scenes and document the more private settings, activities, and feelings that professional photographers cannot access and would not necessarily attribute news value to.The soldiers perform not only in front of the camera, but apparently even for the camera, often in playful, intimate, and humorous ways that clearly defy the more formal and distancing conventions of professional journalism. They often film themselves and their comrades goofing off for the camera, playing pranks such as capturing and overtaking a port-a-John housing a soldier dressed mockingly as a terrorist. 8 Frat-style humor is a key feature not only of these recurrent http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=LoFq9jYB2wo. Added July 24, 2006, by acdclights. Accessed June 19, 2008. http//www. youtube. com/ watch? v=XvMLREePkyY&NR=1. Added June 16, 2007, by Sensicane. Accessed June 29, 2008. 8 7 US SOLDIERS IMAGING THE IRAQ WAR ON YOUTUBE 23 toilet action clips, but of many of the videos that show troops in downtime activities. The soldiers waste time in measured nonsensical performances such as taping a comrade to the front of a Humvee, dancing poorly in their underwear, drinking maple syrup, or pouring canned air which boils at path temperature into the palm of their hand and watching as it burns the skin.These videos testify to the boredom that soldiers feel when not in action. Making videos is a way to offset the monotony, and also to release stress and frustration. Some of them are rather creative and witty, such as the celebrated rap song spoof about Ramadi titled otiose Ramadi. 9 This is a battle zone parody of the widely popular Saturday Night Lives Lazy Sunday, created by and starring two National Guard staff sergeants who rap jokily about insurgents, body armor, Jell-O, and their hometown Muncie, Indiana. The clip evidently struck a pop- ethnic chord.It became an overnight internet sensation that has been viewed millions of times on different internet venues. Ramadi is considered to be the most dangerous city in Iraq. The rap skit makes light of a hazardous and high stress situation, providing comic relief for both soldiers and the home front. Lazy Ramadi has many imitators on YouTube, with music video parodies that mock the grim conditions of war. There are also more controversial examples of activities that soldiers resort to in order to entertain themselves and their YouTube audiences. A clip posted in March of 2008 shows a U.S. Marine, David Motari, throwing a whelp off a cliff while on patrol in Iraq. 10 The 17-second clip generated international attention and sparked outrage from animal right groups around the world when it came to light. In the video, Motari smiles and jokes with his comrades before he hurls the puppy over a cliff as it ye lps. An unknown person operating the video camera is heard laughing and another voice saying, Thats mean. Thats mean, Motari. The video clip caused the Marine Corps to expel David Motari and to take disciplinary measures against a second Marine involved.TRIBUTES TO THE FALLEN US SOLDIERS Tribute videos foreground a controversial and highly emotional topic the deaths of U. S. soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. They are made as specific tributes to individual soldiers or as a generic allegiance to the U. S. troops serving and dying overseas. The former are typically created by close family members or friends and show private recordings from the funeral ceremonies interspersed with snapshots from family albums. The latter often present melancholy meditations on the ordeals U. S. troops face in Iraq, highlighting the harsh conditions and consequences of their mission.These memorial videos almost obsessively parade images of coffins draped in the American flag, a motive that inevitabl y conjures up the ghosts of Vietnam. In line of reasoning to much official imagery, they also show ill wounded American soldiers, soldiers being hit, and soldiers breaking down and crabing. The Pentagon and the pubic hair administration have gone to great length to avoid images of U. S. casualties being broadcast or published in the U. S. media and have enforced a ban on pictures of the flag-draped coffins returning home from Iraq and 9 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=5k3L-_Snu7k.Added May 15, 2006 by SSG Matt Wright and SSG Josh Dobbs. Accessed June 30, 2008. See also Lazy Ramadis official site at http//lazyramadi. com 10 The video was viewed tens of thousands of times before YouTube took it down because of a violation of the sites terms of use. The clip is still widely available on the internet, however. 24 ANDEN-PAPADOPOULOS Afghanistan. Military and governmental officials always have been careful to prevent images that show their own troops dead or mischievously wounded, s ince such sights might arouse fears about wars personal and social consequences and undermine faith in the cause.What makes these images so contentious is not only the disturbing sight actual or symbolic of dead bodies, but the repressed question that they might evoke Is the war worth the cost? Hence, official narratives have persistently sought to put depictions of American death in a meaningful context. Blood is sacrifice, spilled for sovereignty and freedom. Corpses are swiftly transformed into martyrs, whose forswear warrants our redemption. Mortality is relied on to project immortality, impregnability, and a reinvigorated sense of national purpose.In contrast, soldier tribute videos present more mixed messages. The themes of bravery, camaraderie, and patriotic pride are counterbalanced or even nullified by distressing expressions of pain, vulnerability, and irretrievable personal loss. One example is an entry on YouTube titled Final present American Soldiers in Iraq. 11 The clip starts with footage taken from a moving military vehicle, shot through the front windshield. After a couple of seconds, a roadside bomb explodes and shatters the windshield right before our eyes, as smoke and fire fill the screen.The spectacular scene positions the viewer with the vulnerable soldiers, making visible the experience of lethal danger. This is followed by a slide show with images of soldiers crying, embracing, and paying tribute to fallen comrades. A recurring motif is the ritual shrines assembled of the dead soldiers military gear. These memorials symbolically resurrect the dead soldier, with the rifle as a body placed in the boots, crowned by the helmet and dog tag. sometimes they also include a formal portrait of the deceased. Images of flag-draped coffins are also repeatedly shown in the video, as are photographs of wounded U.S. soldiers. Some of the latter are extremely graphic, such as a close-up of the remains of a soldiers blown-off feet. The overall them e of many tribute videos is the anguish and grief that the casualties of war cause for the U. S. soldiers and their families. They ask us to remember and fully appreciate the sacrifice of the young men and women serving overseas. Where the military and government elites attempt to spin American death into a political weapon, used to reinforce loyalty to the nation and to the military effort, tribute videos lament the loss of young lives in their own right.They avow that we recognize and recall the fallen American soldiers as persons, as unique individuals, whose sacrifice can only truly be measured through the consideration of what they meant to those who knew and loved them. INTERACTION WITH IRAQI CIVILIANS A great number of the soldier videos contain images of Iraqi children, the epitome of innocence and hope for the future. Many clips clearly attempt to cultivate the image of a good relationship between U. S. forces and local civilians, showing troops in amiable exchanges with I raqi children and families. 2 The soldiers hand out candy, toys, and books to happy children, play with them, and give them medical care. The Iraqi children laugh, give a thumbs up, and wave 11 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=WIw-BP4zfW4. Added August 27, 2006, by prezjackie. Accessed June 27, 2008. 12 Iraq War The Soldiers, at http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=FUm05_I8xJ4. Accessed July 16, 2008. Iraq video Why at http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=hPVPqERfTM4. Accessed July 16, 2008. US SOLDIERS IMAGING THE IRAQ WAR ON YOUTUBE 25 small American flags, and are often seen embracing and even kissing the troops.These clips are obviously intended to project an image of the U. S. and coalition soldiers as humane and compassionate. They reflect and reinforce the official U. S. framing of the Iraq conflict as a war of liberation the troops appear as the longed-for saviors of an undeveloped nation in need of paternal guidance. Other clips, however, employ the symbolic power of the innocent child to communicate strong anti-war messages. 13 Here, the Iraqi children are foregrounded as defenseless victims who cry out for us to take a critical stand on a conflict that deprives even infants of their tender life and limb.These videos contain graphic depictions of children seriously wounded, bleeding, screaming, and crying often with a direct address to the camera, imploring us to act upon their unjust suffering. Such imagery evidently reflects negatively on the military effort in Iraq. By implication, if not explicitly, the U. S. forces are portrayed as cruel assaulters rather than fatherly protectors of the people of Iraq, bringing injury, death, and destruction to the country. In contrast to the feel good visuals of smiling Iraqi children, these depictions present the war as immoral and misguided.Apart from the clips that implicate U. S. soldiers in physical cruelties, there are also videos that document troops abusing Iraqi children in a more psychological sense. A n otorious clip, Iraqi Kids Run for Water, shows U. S. soldiers dangle bottles of clean water over the back of a truck. 14 Much to the amusement of the soldiers, the trick makes Iraqi children run after the truck for a long period in a delusive attempt to reach the bottles. Another clip shows U. S. soldiers entertaining themselves by teaching a group of Iraqi children (who apparently do not understand English) to say Fuck Iraq. 15 In another video, a U. S. soldier dupes a clueless Iraqi boy to admit that he has fucked donkey. 16 Needless to say, the humanitarian halo fades in the light of such stark enactments of patronizing, neo-colonial arrogance. CONCLUSIONS The frames of media and military elites no doubt remain powerful controls on the public understanding of international affairs. Still, the explosion of vernacular imagery of international conflict is becoming an increasingly important factor in the representation and shaping of the news and the newsworthy, and in mediating per ceptions of war and foreign policy.The Iraqi conflict is emerging as the first YouTube war, where homemade soldiers videos throw into sharp relief the reportorial conventions of mainstream news coverage. Contrary to the myths of national glory, macho heroism, and clinical warfare manufactured by military and media elites, the firsthand testimonials by soldiers actually living the war offer the public uncensored insights into the mundane, violent, and even depraved faces of warfare. They challenge traditional 13 War in Iraq at http//www. youtube. com/watch? =4Gu7pswE43Y&mode=related&search=. Accessed July 16, 2008. Iraq anti war video at http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=3wKG9T1xPwY. Accessed July 16, 2008. 14 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=L71Y1galpyA. Accessed July 2007, 2008. This clip has been submitted to YouTube numerous times by different users. 15 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=eBGi8jr_CBE&feature=related. Added December 18, 2006, by tmacdagreat. Accessed July 27, 2008. 1 6 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=kpHWaUSfYj8&feature=related. Added February 7, 2007, by 666stunts666. Accessed July 27, 2008. 26 ANDEN-PAPADOPOULOS journalisms claim to authenticity and credibility precisely by showing that which the mainstream news will not show and thus rendering dubious the professional practices of selection, framing, and redact. The authenticity of the soldiers experience lends a heightened sense of veracity and immediacy to their representations of war. The reality effect is further underscored by the soldiers personal points of view and the often raw emotionalism and poor technical quality of their amateur videos.Many of the soldier videos not only conflict with the official message that the military mission in Iraq is about rebuilding and peace but also with the persistent marketing and popular perception of our troops as fair, courageous, and caring. They show aggressive fighting by U. S. and coalition troops that at times revel in violently destroyin g the enemy. Other recordings contradict the image of a auspicious American presence in Iraq by showing troops unscrupulously abusing Iraqi children and pets the embodiment of a degenerate abuse of power.The soldier videos also challenge the mainstream news convention of hiding the disturbing sight of dead and badly injured bodies from public view. They display gruesome images of dead and mutilated Iraqi insurgents and civilians, and also of U. S. casualties. The many memorial videos also defy the mainstream practice of transforming dead soldiers into generic symbols of national purpose and rectitude. Instead, they urge us to remember the fallen soldier as a specific individual whose death has devastating consequences for the loved ones left behind.This highlighting of wars personal and social consequences undermines the official attempts at concealment these costs of war. Another sight not often found in official imagery, but frequently so in the soldier videos, is of troops cry ing. Here, the soldiers openly express their vulnerability when faced with the fatalities of war. If such a display of emotions contradicts the ideal of macho heroism, this is even true of some of the mundane imagery showing troops killing time in the barracks.Their playful performances for the camera abound with obscenities and adolescent humor, showing an unruly, even silly side of the troops that works against the official image of the regimented U. S. soldier. Yet they serve to put a human face on the U. S. military. For better and worse, many of the soldier videos bring us closer to the troops as real people, as opposed to prescribed images of dutiful soldiers who place their lives at risk in order to restore security to the sacred homeland.The homemade soldier videos represent a way of dealing with the stress, agony, and boredom of experiencing a war first-hand. Making these videos, though often a form of entertainment, can be seen as a coping mechanism, helping the soldiers t o make sense of and communicate about a war that has gotten more and more complicated since Saddams statue fell. These new sources allow for more diverse points of view that complement, and at times disrupt the traditional framings of war.As my analysis of the soldier videos makes apparent, these nonprofessional contributions can provide us with critical insights into the complex, painful realities of experiencing a war directly, thereby offering the basis for a more open and democratic questioning of the authority and activity of U. S. foreign policy. It may be that these dispatches lack a coherent explanation for why the bombs are going off, and that it is often difficult to ascertain what is going on in each video, when and where it was shot and who shot it.Still, it is precisely the lack of prescribed framings and official narratives that make the soldier videos valuable, in that they provide raw, often unfiltered views that resist an all too neat packaging of war by those who d irect it. The soldiers, as war insiders, can record, synthesize, and disseminate information that circumvents official channels of discourse. Their productions include the messy, visceral, chaotic, mundane, and emotional aspects of war often left out in the sanitized reports available on the network news. These, along with videos from insurgents, are transforming YouTube andUS SOLDIERS IMAGING THE IRAQ WAR ON YOUTUBE 27 other video-sharing sites into alternative news networks. This multiplying of perspectives, accessible on the world Wide Web, empowers internet users to go beyond the one-way broadcasts directed at them and to actively seek out other points of view on the tangled realities of war and its policies. REFERENCES Allan, S. , & Zelizer, B. (Eds. ). (2004). Reporting war Journalism in wartime. capital of the United Kingdom and new York Routledge. Brothers, C. (1997). War and photography A cultural history. capital of the United Kingdom and New York Routledge. Campbell, D. (2003). Representing contemporary war.Ethics and International Affairs, 17(2), 142164. Christensen, C. (2008). Uploading war and peace YouTube and military propaganda. Media, War & Conflict (forthcoming). Gimeno, J. (2008). YouTube and mainstream journalism Strange bedfellows? Paper presented at the 58th International Communication Association conference, Montreal, Canada May 2226. Greene, R. A. (2006, July 29). Pentagon keeps eye on war videos. BBC News. Griffin, M. (1999). The Great War photographs Constructing myths of history and photojournalism. In B. Brennen & H. Hardt (Eds. ), Picturing the past Media, history, photography (pp. 122157. Urbana and kale University of Chicago Press. Griffin, M. (2004). Picturing Americas War on terrorism in Afghanistan and Iraq Photographic motives as news frames. Journalism, 5(4), 381402. Johnson, S. (2007, January 15). Were losing the infowar Insurgents using single cell-phone cameras, laptop editing programs and the web are beating the Unit ed States in the fierce battle for Iraqi public opinion. Newsweek. Retrieved August 14, 2008, from http//www. newsweek. com/id/56592 Kennedy, L. (2008). Visual blowback Soldier photography and the war in Iraq. Review of International Studies (forthcoming).Moeller, S. D. (1989). Shooting war Photography and the American experience of combat. New York Basic Books. Mortensen, M. (2007). Krigen pa billeder. Visuel krigsforelse i digitaliseringens og globaliseringens tidsalder. KRITIK, 186, 17, 717. Robinson, P. (2004). Researching U. S. media-state relations and 21st century wars. In S. Allan & B. Zelizer (Eds. ), Reporting war Journalism in wartime (pp. 96112. ) London and New York Routledge. Roeder, G. H. (1993). The censored war American visual experience during World War Two. New Haven and London Yale University Press. Taylor, J. 1991). War photography Realism in the British press. London and New York Routledge. Taylor, J. (1998). Body horror Photojournalism, catastrophe and war. N ew York New York University Press. Taylor, P. M. (2003). We know where you are Psychological operations media during Enduring Freedom. In D. K. Thussu & D. Freedman (Eds. ), War and the media Reporting conflict 24/7 (pp. 101113. ) London Sage. Thussu, D. K. , & Freedman, D. (Eds. ). (2003). War and the media Reporting conflict 24/7. London Sage. Tumber, H. , & Palmer, J. (2004). Media at war. The Iraq crisis. London Sage.Webster, F. (2003). Information warfare in an age of globalization. In D. K. Thussu & D. Freedman, D. (Eds. ), War and the media Reporting conflict 24/7 (pp. 5769. ) London Sage. Weimann, G. (2006). Terror on the internet. Washington, DC United States Institute of Peace Press. Zelizer, B. (1998). Remembering to forget Holocaust memory through the cameras eye. Chicago and London Chicago University Press. Zelizer, B. (2004). When war is reduced to a photograph. In S. Allan & B. Zelizer (Eds. ), Reporting war Journalism in wartime (pp. 115135. ) London and New York Rou tledge.

Psoriasis: Treatment and Management

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder of the skin, which means that the bodys defense system has turned on itself. This causes angry red lesions to appear on the surface of the skin, multiply, and scale over with silvery patches (1). Not only do they look handleous, but cause fantastic itching and discomfort. The word (psoriasis) comes from ancient Greece, and means to itch (1). This disease can be present from birth or not show up until a individual is well into their adult years. They can also be found anywhere on the body, from the scalp to the elbows. Psoriasis affects about two percent of the population.The severity can hurl from a few spots to massive outbreaks covering the whole body, requiring hospitalization. Although the disease is genetically inherited, it has triggers which can cause the body to go from a very kooky case to a severe case within days (1). Strep throat and spicy foods are examples of triggers that increase the severity. There are also other(a) ciphers , such as sunlight, which help decrease the severity (1). There are many types of psoriasis including, nail, scalp, plaque, pustular, guttate, inverse, erythrodermic, and psoriatic arthritis. Plaque psoriasis is the most common type.Along with these irritating physical array effects are the emotional factors. This disease can cause its victims to feel alienated from fellow coworkers and friends. People who have no experience with the disease fly the coop to be distant towards those who do, because they think it is contagious. To compensate, sufferers often wear pants and long sleeves to cover their skin, even in summer heat, or avoid a hearty life altogether. There is no known cure for psoriasis, only the hope to control its severity. Each case of psoriasis is different, and may require a certain make up of treatment or a cabal of treatments to obtain relief.Most of those available now work to change magnitude the redness and itching, but tend to be pricy and time-consuming. Recently, scientists have developed a new method of treatment. The 308-nm excimer laser is a highly concentrated beam of UVB radiation. During the procedure a patient receives a certain, cocksure dosage of radiation on a large plaque of psoriasis. Unlike other methods of phototherapy, the laser only touches the effected area, leaving normal skin unscathed by unneeded radiation. In a study done in a university dermatology service, the following was reportedThirteen consecutive patients with at least quaternion large, stable psoriasis plaques were used. Excimer laser-generated 308-nm UV-B radiation was given to each of the four plaques, which received 1, 2, 4, and 20 treatments, respectively. Untreated areas within each plaque served as the control. With 308-nm UV-B radiation generated by an excimer laser, it is assertable to clear psoriasis with as little as one treatment with moderately long remission (2). Carcinogenic levels, which measure the amount of cancer-causing radiation , were much lower in patients who use the laser proficiency, than in those who use total body UV-B radiation treatment.Unwanted side effects with the use of the 308-nm excimer laser include burning sensations and near blistering. The use of topical ointments with hydrocolloid dressings is a more traditional form of treatment. It involves applying a prescribed corticosteriod ointment, like calcipotriol, to a psoriasis plaque and then wrapping the area in a hydrocolloid dressing. In a study done by the Department of Dermatology in the Netherlands, it was reported that After an average treatment of 3. 6 weeks, each lesion had clear-cut (apart from some residual erythema). The average remission period was 8 weeks.During this treatment, the number of cycling epidermal cells and the expression of keratin 14 and keratin16 had decreased substantially. It is speculated that a combination therapy of calcipotriol with treatments with a different mode of action, such as photo-therapy, might b e worthwhile (3). However, some patients experienced discomfort in the normal skin skirt the psoriatic patch with this method. Researchers also found that the psoriatic epidermal skin cells proliferated, or reproduced, at a much slower rate than normal, which means that the plaque formation would lessen and be controlled easier.Perhaps the oldest and most popular form of treatment for psoriasis on the market today is coal tar. Exorex TM is a new over-the-counter preparation which contains, one percent coal tar (1). This form doesnt necessarily clear the effected areas, it relieves itching, redness, and scaling to a certain degree. It is probably the cheapest and easiest to use, and does not require a prescription to obtain. Most users have accepted the fact that they have this disease, and that there is no cure for it. Therefore, they use these ointments for personal physical relief, not to try and hide their psoriasis from others.There are few, trivial unwanted side effects of co al tar ointments. Susceptibility to sunburn, messiness, unpleasant odors, and staining of clothing and skin occur frequently. This dynamical ingredient is not only found in ointments but medicated shampoos and bath solutions as well. Agranulocytosis is described as a condition caused by a lack of or an insufficient number of white blood cells (4). Scientists have found that in severe cases of psoriasis, drug-induced agranulocytosis actually helps to clear the affected areas.In a study done on a 45-year-old man by the International Journal of Dermatology, it found that The patient was treated with intravenous granulocyte monocyte stimulating factor (GMSF). The GMSF was given on five consecutive days. On the sixth day, the psoriatic lesions cleared almost completely. There was 90% clearance of the lesions, with a PASI (Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index) creation reduced (from 22) to 2. 2. The patient also had improvement in joint pain. In addition, the generalized lymphadenopath y detected at admission had reduced considerably (5).According to Dr. Kevin Patrick, lymphadenopathy is an fervidness of the lymph nodes, which filter organisms and bacteria out of the bloodstream (4). However astounding these results may be, scientists still claim that drug-induced agranulocytosis is a complex phenomenon, it is difficult to comment on its exact role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis (5). The most promising treatment for psoriasis is hard to prove, since each case is different, and not all treatments work for every victim. However, the 308-nm excimer laser technique seems to be the treatment with the best results.If a patient wants long-lasting clearance and does not mind sacrificing time and a large sum of money, the laser go forth work for them. However, for those whos main concern is the physical side effects, such as itching, flaking, and redness, then coal tar ointments and similar products may be the choice for them. They are easy to obtain, most drugstores a nd supermarkets carry them, and fairly inexpensive compared to other treatments. For those who would like clearance of their plaques, but can not access the excimer laser therapy, calcipotriol ointment, and hydrocolloid dressings seem to check the most promise for them.

Aspects of Contract and Neglegence for Business Essay

IntroductionThis study focuses on the designation of the facets of write out and neglectfulness for apprehension. There are understandings and amaze in all concern in recent than earlier. Verbal understandings are norm all(prenominal)y no longer used by the concerns. Written understanding in the pattern of contract is ore preferred to all. But. the profitableness of contract is uncomplete if the ordinances and facets are unknown. Well scholarship of contract in concern provides a legal certification procuring the outlooks of the parties involved. Contracts get to as a safety tool of the resources. On the contrary. omission is lifting into the basis of our system for counterbalancing people for inadvertent harm and hurts. This is because it allows the tribunals to present amendss in genteel faulty in several(prenominal) fortunes where it is non possible to make so in contract. This study will assist scholars to understand in and all about the contract administration and c arelessness of contract in concerns.Learning OBJECTIVES job 1 Understand the indispensable elements of a valid contract in a concern context TASK 2 Be able to use the elements of a contract in concern state of affairss TASK 3 Understand rules of obligation in carelessness in concern activities TASK 4 Be able to use the rules of liability in carelessness in concern state of affairss. undertake 1LO 1. 1 Importance of the indispensable elements necessitate for the formation of a valid contract Offer and Acceptance The being of an offer and an assurance are a subprogram of dissect the process of agreement to make up ones mind whether an understanding has been created. Common consent of the parties is necessary of an understanding. Without an understanding. contract is impossible. Consideration another critical share is consideration of the parties related to the contracted topic. Legal consideration makes the parties form a contract. Capacity Both or all of the parties need to be c apable to go after an understanding. Having mental upset. under age etc. do incapacities to organize a contract. Consent The apprehension would be invalid. if the portion doesnt come without consent. Consent bureau willingness of the parties. It might be influenced by several issues. Certainty It is needed to the topic of the contract be certain. Uncertainty creates ambiguity in the contract. practice of lawfulness The topic is of event to come into trade or contract lawfully. Otherwise. it wont be count as a contract harmonizing to the jurisprudence. LO 1. 2 Impact of different types of contractBilateral and Unilateral ContractsIf deuce parties exchange a shared and equal warrant that ensures the executing of a gesture. a committedness or a transaction or turning away from executing of a presentation or a committedness. refering each assemblage included in the understanding. is called as bilateral contract in the facets of jurisprudence. It is besides called as a reversible con tract. Unilateral contract is a warrant provided by one and merely assemblage. The offerer who offers. warrants to put to death a certain gesture or a committedness if the offeree who accepts the offer. coincides on executing an act that is seen as a legitimately enforceable contract. It normally asks for an recognition from the other assemblage to acquire the understanding executed. As a consequence. it is an unbalanced contract since merely the offerer is certain to the tribunal of jurisprudence nor the offeree. An of import commit of this type of understanding is that. the offeree cant be sued for forbearing. giving up or really pretermiting to put to death his presentation. since he doesnt warrant whateverthing. If two parties trades a common and mutual promise that implicates the executing of an act. forbearing. abandoning or even neglecting to put to death his act. since he does non assure whatsoeverthing. LO 1. 3 Footings in contracts with mention to their import and con sequenceConditionsA status is an of import affair of capable which is considered as the basic to the chief cause for the formation of understanding. A breach of status qualifies the harmed party for denying the understanding. WARRANTIES endorsement is a less indispensable but ineluctable term. It is count as a must to the understanding as it is non cardinal. A guarantee gives the harmed party the compensate to convey injuries and the claimed party cant revoke the understanding. Intermediate FootingIt is tough to specify a term suitably earlier press clipping as either a status or a guarantee. A few issues may include a moderate place. in that the term could be surveyed as the results of a interruption. Sing that a rupture of the term brings about utmost injury. the harmed party will be qualified for haling the understanding where the interruption includes minor great(p) luck. the harmed partys remedies will be limited to harm.Undertaking 2LO 2. 1 Application of the elements of c ontractIn the jurisprudence of contract. the offer and credence is so conventional and important. The rules of offer and credence include a standard offer. credence and correspondence near the two or more parties or people doing the understanding is important. In the given concern scenario. it is noticeable that the illustrations of organizing an understanding is when Mr. John was responded the responsibility of guaranting new Personal computer model. He decided to purchase from Best Computers . and marked a concern concurrency with that government activity for the supply of new machine models. In concern concurrency with Best Computers. the footings and conditions of the understanding were non clear plenty. and Mr. John signed that contract without a spot respect for the all facets of the averment. which created a wretchedness for him and few yearss subsequently when they neglected to provide the machines on clip and most of them were harmed. That happened because of the contract ual topics were non checked decently. The offer must be unequivocal and immediate to an surrogate party to contract. LO 2. 2 Application of the jurisprudence on footings in different contracts The Sale of Goods Act-1979 can be applied in the deterrent example of the instance between Linda Green and the jobber.The act can be applied in the instance in the undermentioned ways If Linda Green wants a claim under the Sale of Goods Act. she has several possible ways of deciding the issue depending on the fortunes and on what she wants to be done. Well here the rights are against the jobber non the producer as the marketer was given(p) because of the incorrect supply of merchandise. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 gives the right to the purchaser to acquire replaced. repaired or repaymented if the goods are defective and it is returned in the clip as per the jurisprudence provides that is 3-4 hebdomads after purchase depending on the type and nature of the defective merchandise. So Linda Gre en can reject it and acquire a refund in stipulated clip. The retail merchant must mend or replace defective goods within a sensible clip. If dont. Linda will be authorise to claim either a decrease on the purchase monetary value or recision. If the retail merchant refuses. so the compensation can be claimed by mending it by person else and roll up the sum at that place of ( Simon and Gillian. 2005 ) . But Lindas claims end up in tribunal. and so she has to turn out that the mistake was present when she bought the point and it wasnt the consequence of normal wear and tear. But if it is beyond six months. adept sentiment is required to turn out the faulty merchandise. So given the undermentioned state of affairss. Linda Green can easy win in claiming for the faulty goods.LO 2. 3 personal effects of different footingsA proper rating of the effects of different footings is necessary to continue with the contract. Here. a state of affairs was given where some footings are noticeable. T he followerss are some of the footings of Johns contract with the Best Computers The marketer will non transport the hazard for any harm or bad luck occurred by any defect in workstation. Parties are able to call off the petition through a former notice of three yearss without geting any employment for any bad luck. Value paid by clients is non returnable by the organisation at the cancellation of the understanding. These are some indispensable footings included in Johns contract with the Best Computers. The organisation should crack been obligated to vouch the safety of supplying right machines or any available points without any mischievousness. The organisation should hold been responsible to reply for any happening. But conditions should be included in the apprehension of the understanding. Making legitimate model of the cancellation of understanding is furthermore imperative passim the given contract. but doing some footings unnoticed is non lawful. all the footings and cond itions involved in an understanding must be good defined and clear plenty. TASK 3LO 3. 1 Liability in civil misemploy with contractual liabilityThere are some important differences exist in between the liability in civil wrong and contractual liability. Some among of them are as contractual duties are volitionally done but Byzantine duties are implemented by jurisprudence. Contractual duties give a free pick to come in in a contractual relationship but Byzantine duties provide no picks. a idiosyncratic is apt to pay or owes a responsibility merely to the contracted party but liabilities in civil wrong agencies that a individual is apt to owe responsibility to all as non to slander or intrude others belongings. A historical difference of formation exists in these two. The contractual liability is created from three parts of actions as debt. compact and sumps season the liabilities in civil wrong are derived from the right of trespass. Usually liability in contract is rigorous and ineluctable one time formed but the Byzantine liability is based on mistake. Any mistake comes into history in the Byzantine liability. It is more similar common for everybody of a certain affair. The liability in civil wrong is ever paid square attention while the liability in contract is non at all. LO 3. 2 Nature of liability in carelessnessIn the given state of affairs. the send oution of the organisation is apt for the injuries and hurts caused by the slippy offend of their office and they should besides be considerable adequate to see themselves dependable for the amendss or injuries caused due the mistakes in their merchandises. Rigorous transaction is risk without defect. Recollect rigorous hazard is non categorical duty and is deserving researching of the jurisprudence on this zone. As pictured prior that Byzantine duty rotates around duties settled by jurisprudence. While rigorous hazard is a criterion for duty which may be in either by a felonious or civil connexion. A regulation specifying rigorous duty makes an unmarried lawfully answerable for the injury and bad luck brought on by his or her passages and inadvertences paying small attentiveness to blameworthiness. In the given state of affairs the disposal of Best Computer is answerable for the amendss and lesions brought approximately by the slippery beautify of their office. and they might every bit good similarly be sufficient to see themselves as reliable for the injuries or amendss initiated due the issues in their points. LO 3. 3 model and elements of vicarious liabilityVicarious liabilityVicarious liability refers liability for the civil wrongs of others. It arises due to a relationship between the parties. It is a philosophy of English civil wrong jurisprudence that imposes rigorous liability on employers for the errors of their employees. Generally. an employer will be held apt for any civil wrong committed while an employee is carry oning their responsibilities. The vicarious liab ility commissariats of the statute law are merely applicable where the alleged favoritism and torment occurs in connexion with the persons employment. This means the employer may be held vicariously apt for the actions of employees if they have non taken all sensible stairss to forestall the favoritism and torment from happening both within the usual work environment and at employer events. such as sponsored seminars. conferences. work maps. Christmas parties. concern or field trips. An employer may be vicariously apt for the behavior ofsingle employees or groups of employeesmanagers. supervisors or directorsworkplace participantsagentscontract workers or people being paid committeea spouse of a company hassling another spouseLiability of personsThe vicarious liability commissariats of the statute law do non prevent single individuals from being held apt for their ain discriminatory or hassling behaviour in the workplace or in connexion with their employment. It may be that both th e employer. who has been form to hold non taken all sensible stairss to forestall the favoritism and torment from happening. and the person. who is the alleged differentiator or harasser. will be held jointly apt for the behaviour.Undertaking 4LO 4. 1 Application of the elements of the civil wrong of carelessness There are several constituents of carelessness that obliges that an pained party illustrates the attach toing four variables. They are The litigator owed an duty to the offended partyThe litigator abused that dutyAs a effect of the respondents misdemeanor of that duty. the pained party endured harm The harm was a sanely predictable consequence of the litigants activity or inactivity In this state of affairs. the artlessness is happened when figure of people slipped at floor of the Best Computer office. In fact. they may every bit good inform the wet floor and show people come ining to their office premises.LO 4. 2 Application of the elements of vicarious liabilityIt is ob ligatory for the resident of premises to vouch the wellness and security of the persons working at that place. In the given state of affairs it was duty of the Best Computers to vouch that their office premises are sheltered for its specializers. The hazard appropriate in the given state of affairs will be direct liability on the evidences that the disposal is specifically obligated for the lesions created at their premises.DecisionIt is hoped that this study clear up its intents of specifying and showing the contract and footings and conditions of contract. It besides expresses an adequate illustration of carelessness which is a cardinal fact to the contract. Whatsoever. parties involved within an understanding or contract need to hold an well apprehension of contract and carelessness for every twenty-four hours concern traffics which is mentioned in a suited manner in this study.MentionsAndrew Burrows. Ewan McKendrick. James Edelman ( 2007 ) . Cases and stuffs on the jurisprudence of damages 2nd Edition. New York Oxford University. BPP Professional Education. ( 2004 ) . controlling Unit 5 Common Law I back uping foundation grades. West Midlands. England W M Print. Rose. Nelson ( 2003 ) . Gambling and the Law Status of Gambling Laws. atomic number 20 Whittier Law School. MacMilan C. and Stone R. . 2012. Elementss of a Contract. London University Press. Atiyah P. S. . 2000. An Introduction to the Law of Contract. Clarendon. Beatson J. . 2010. A Burrows and J Cartwright. Ansons Law of Contract. OUP ( ed 29 ) . London Press. McKendrick E. . 2009. Contract Law ( ed 4 ) . Palgrave.Peel E. and Treitel G. H. . 2011. Treitel on the Law of Contract ( ed 13 ) .Sweet and Maxwell. Simon D and Gillian M. . 2005. . Labour Law. UK.Department of employment and acquisition. 2004. Individual right of employees. Employment folder series. UK. Mathews B. . 2002. Employer Employee Relationship. Department of labour publications. UK. Wedderburn K. W. . 1986. The Worker and the L aw ( ed 3 ) . Harmondsworth. UK. The Sale of Goods Act. 1979 ( online ) Available at. Accessed at 9th July. 2014.The Consumer Credit Act-1974. Availabe at Accessed at 9th July. 2014.

Extended commentary of ‘Neutral Tones’ by Thomas Hardy Essay

On the Title Neutral T unrivaleds encourages the ref to postpone any immediate inferences ab egress the poetry. It also refers to the muted ( monochromic) colour scheme found in the first and last stanzas these colours, in turn, are utilize by stalwart to emphasise the blandness/deadness of the emotions amid the persona and his love. gum olibanum the title is an introduction to both the poems images and emotional back-drop.Themes Love (cruelty of it), Distance, PainOverall Structure A four stanza linguistic communication with a continuous A/B/A/B rhyme scheme. These repeated ideas may add to the idea of monotony or dullness in emotion. This is a weak idea, however.First Stanza circulars Hardy presents a snap and a persona. The use of the personal pronoun we has two effects 1) It establishes a subtle familiarity in the midst of the reader and the persona we can partially associate with the persona if he/she (sex is not made explicitly clear) through the simple use of the pr onoun. 2) The lack of fixed sexuality does also add to a feeling of distance distancing effects are used throughout the poem and will be explored. This particular one is kept up(p) throughout.The scene presented is one of two figures standing by a pond nearby sits a sod a small grass turf. The description of this scene is incredibly important to the understanding of the poem it sets the mood and leads to an change surfacetual repetition of the image itself (last verse). The scene is devoid of colour, Hardy-esque by character and elegiac in tone. hereby NOTE Hardy entirely uses the sense of order of battle in this poem (a nuance of importtained throughout) this is the only sense which can be used from afar. Thus we discover another distancing effect.The scene is devoid of colour Hardy is introducing his colour scheme. As previously discussed, this reflects the muted spirit of emotion expressed in the poem. possibly one can label the colours monochrome? Evidence, if neede d in an exam, with brief exploration* Sun was white suggesting a light drained of colour. This wording becomes important when considering the other images associated with the sun and sunlight. Chidden of God means told off by God. This is an intentionally extreme image, certainly a rather bleak one match with the God-curst sun in fourth stanza.* Few leaves weakest of the quotes. Indicates a lack of green on the sod (in basis of numerical value).* Starving sod the grass is dying, and and so turning brown. Like dried grass in the summer?* Fallen from an ash significant choice of tree (obscure point though). Ash is associated implicitly with death.* grayish for use when desperate.The colours are numbed, as to reflect how the breakup of a family can be as numbing. Quote SLS Hints towards a platonic palate of senses.Second Stanza Notes Hardy reveals the meaning/purpose of his scene in this stanza, by explaining and poetically exploring the relationship between the persona and his (former) love. The muted colour scheme, it becomes clear, does energise the effect above described.* Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove/ Over tedious riddles of years ago This line indicates both the trivial nature that the persona associates with the couples riddles (problems?) now, and the implied importance of these problems possessed in earlier days. What does this change tell us?* Perhaps that the couple grew cold and got bored with one anothers problems, hence the use of tedious. The line also suggests that the riddles used to be solved, or that they commence recurred. Remember that the partner is both obscure and unspecified in any way perhaps he/she has grown so cold to the extent that he/she sees the persona only in terms of what was? It is negative thought in any case. Quote SLS They see previous mysteries which no longer excite them.Indeed, Hardy continues to suggest both the tire approximatelyness created within their relationship and uses more distancing techniq ues in the next linesAnd some words played between us to and fro/ On which lost the more of our loveNote how the words are attached physical attributes, or entities, as unconnected to acoustic ones. We can figuratively see the words (because they are played between the figures), but cant hear them. This reinforces our idea of distance, in that the scene is almost behind a glass screen, where the sexes of the characters are blurred, we can see only particular details and cannot hear, smell or touch any occasion. As before said, this allows the reader to associate with the persona, albeit vaguely.Boredom reinforced played between us suggests some crude game these problems seem trivial and dull now. And they lost the more of their love on them the games didnt do the relationship any good third base Stanza Notes Hardy recreates the moment at which the love died, and the relationship fully ended. To achieve this, he focuses on the partners mouth.The smile on your mouth was the deades t thing/ Alive enough to have strength to dieThe use of an oxymoronic superlative stresses the death of emotion between the pair, further emphasised by the enjambment used it highlights both the deadest thing and Alive enough, making such an image both stark and even more surprising. The image presented, as if the smile corporeal the relationship, in one which is so close to death but has enough physical strength to complete the physical action of dying. An odd idea, but it full treatment effectively. Note how the juxtaposition between life and death presents further contrast (when comparing poems, this becomes important). Ad. As a further distancing technique, observe how Hardy keeps only to sight he uses the smile to fully embody the relationship. However, Hardy does not end his onslaught of depression thereAnd a grin of bitterness swept thereby/ Like an ominous bird a-wing.Hardy here notes the transformation of the lovers weak smile to an ex-lovers grin, a positively relished expression of bitterness. As the reader, it is impossible to discern exactly who is relishing the moment is it the partner, in a very cruel statement of emotion? Or is it the persona, in some especially malicious reverie-state, remembering this moment and the pain it brought to him then, only to scorn it now, as keen lessons in love have numbed the emotional agony?(Probably the former, as the latter(prenominal) changes the entire dynamic of the poem)In any case, it is another confusion of oxymoronic imagery (grins and bitterness tend to be mutually exclusive) to express the pain of the relationships end it certainly emphasises a strong sense of emotion. Hardys use of such emotive language may be considered out of place in a poem all out numbing pain and emotion surely an ominous bird a-wing would fit better in Macbeth than next to a grey pond? Consider this possible weakness of this for yourself.(It might just be a forced rhyme.)Fourth Stanza Notes Time is the beginning note upon Hardy opens the fourth stanza, simply by using the words Since then. They put the reader in the present indeed, by implication, this emphasises how the rest of the poem was in the past. Its a retentivity What consequence does this bear?* El Nombre Uno) And yes, I do think that Hardy should have been Mexican. One can have a lot of fun with a Poet in a sombrero. Simply, it is another distancing technique. Distance in time* Numro Deux Hardy eating snails? The present tense allows for the circularity of the main image in the poem see hence.Since then, keen lessons that love deceives,/ And wrings with wrong, have shaped to me/ Your face, and the God-curst sun, and a tree,/ And a pond edged with grayish leaves.At last, Hardy arrives at the crux of his poem that Love deceives, lies and hurts. The fact of this (these lessons) takes on the mental image of the scene earlier described it IS a memory, and a blurry one, given the sparse details described in the poem. In a little more detail, there are two phrases which must be analysed I) God-curst sun is even more emotive that the previously described chidden of God. The variation in terms should be explored. The severity of judgement, carried out by none other than the almighty, presents us with a very bleak image the sun has physically paled under the strain. II) Wrings with wrong is obviously emphasised by the alliteration and the harsh consonance which accompanies it. plainly does the sense of torsion implied by the word wrings suggest a tearing of a relationship? Perhaps.Note the continued use of the word and does this not specify the memory is broken and returns to the persona mentally in small pieces, thence adding to the distance created once again? Indeed, along with the variation in terms, it gives the impression of a minimalist, mottled and monochrome image, like a half-remembered dream. Is there a willingness to forget it? Does the persona want to avoid further pain by remembering the image, thus has re pressed it along with the associated emotions? (Freudian psychoanalyst in the room.)On the same plane of thought, but to reach a different a conclusion, consider this thesis the memory has actually faded already, either due to Time or a willing repression. We are reading about a faded memory, as opposed to the persona writing down his VIVID memory in order to repress it himself. Like the First World War poets. Difficult conceptsI think this because the image obviously embodies the emotion, and the circular usage of these conjoined principles proves that the memory is haunting the persona. But if the memory is fading, as shown by all of the distancing techniques, then have the memories attendant it faded along with it too?(So, dear Mr.) Conclusion. Two ideas. 1) In writing the poem and using the distancing techniques, the persona is neutralising the pain (right now, that is, given that literature is a communicatory suspension of time) and is establishing neutral tones. 2) The memo ry has already faded along with the pain. This is a mere statement of the fact. Neutral Tones have been established.

Dr. Jr

1) Describe what occurs in each of the four parts of the hydrologic cycle and how each part of the hydrologic cycle is cerebrate to the next part of the cycle. The four parts of the hydrologic cycle are evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff. Water evaporated from the ocean eventually condenses as water droplets in clouds. If the cloud grows outstanding enough, the droplets coalesce and fall as precipitation, mostly as rain, sometimes as snow or ice.The cycling of water molecules from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and tolerate to the ocean. 2) Examine the northwestern portion in the country of Brazil in Figures 2-33, 4-14 and 4-22. a) What eccentric person of climate does northwestern Brazil experience? Humid Equatorial b) What type of filthiness does northwestern Brazil have? c) What type of biome is located in northwestern Brazil? 3) Based on your answers from 2, explain the relationships that exist between the climate, soil and biome of northwestern Bra zil. ) According to Figure 4-22, in which major terrestrial biome is eastern Nebraska classified? What major terrestrial biome classification is located to the east of that fix in eastern Nebraska? Which climate factor (temperature or precipitation) explains the difference between the two biomes? 5) Explain the terms deforestation and desertification. face one fashion model of how the two are different. Give one example of how the two are similar. ) What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource? Give one example of each. 7) What is temperature inversion, and how does it affect urban air pollution problems? 8) What is meant by the term nonpoint source pollution? List two examples. 9) Describe, with an example of each, the influences of cultural values, direct of technology, and economic systems on natural resource value. 10) Explain two arguments for and two arguments against nuclear power.